Animal byproducts are animal carcasses, parts of carcasses or products of animal origin. This includes catering waste, used cooking oil, butcher and slaughterhouse waste, blood, feathers, wool, hides, skin, pet animals, semen and so forth. Only 68% of a chicken, 62% of a pig, 54% of a cow and 52% of a sheep are actually consumed. Legislation is important due to the epidemics of BSE and other diseases in animals in the last 20 years.
Legislation
- Dogs Act 1906. Offence to leave any carcass on agricultural land to which a dog can gain access. Prevents the spread of Echinococcus Multilocularis.
- Anthrax Order 1991. Any carcass suspected of anthrax is disposed of by incineration at the infected place.
- Specified Risk Materials Legislation 1997. Controls in abattoirs for identification, removal and disposal of designated risk material from carcasses.
- Animal Byproducts Order 1999. Introduced testing for enterobacteria risks e.g. E.Coli or Salmonella. Offence to allow access of ruminant animals to ruminant carcasses. Ban on feeding waste food to pigs in updated order of 2001 as FMD outbreak was due to feeding catering waste to pigs. Increased controls on international catering waste entering the UK. Regulations 2003-2009 requires approval of all premises handling animal by products.
- TSE Regulations 2002/2006.
Rules
- 3 categories with different levels of treatment depending on the risk.
- Licensing for premises that handle ABP and equipment that destroys ABP.
- Rules for movement and international trade.
- Enforcement of rules by vets and local authorities (FSA, AHVLA).
Category 1
- All body parts including hides and skin of the following animals:
- Animals infected or suspected of being infected with TSE.
- Animals killed in the context of TSE eradication measures.
- Animals other than farmed animals and wild animals.
- Experimental animals.
- Wild animals if suspected of being infected with disease communicable to humans or animals.
2. Specified risk material, and where at the time of disposal the specified risk material had not been removed, the entire bodies of dead animals containing specified risk material.
3. Products derived from animals to which substances prohibited have been administered and products of animal origin containing residues of environmental contaminants.
4. All animal material collected when treating waste water from category 1 processing plants in which specified risk material is removed and this includes screenings, materials from desanding, grease and oil mixtures, sludges and materials removed from drains, unless such material contains no specified risk material or parts of such material.
5. Catering waste from means of transport operating internationally.
6. Mixture of category 1 material with any other category material.
What is specified risk material?
Cattle:
- All ages- tonsils, duodenum to rectum of intestines, and the mesentery.
- Over 12 months- Skull excluding mandible but including the brain and eyes and spinal cord.
- Over 30 months- Vertebral column excluding the vertebra of of the tail, spinous and transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra, the median sacral crest and the wings of the sacrum but including the dorsal root ganglia.
Sheep:
- All ages- spleen and ileum.
- Over 12 months- Skull including the brain, eye, tonsils and spinal cord.
Can be found in abattoirs which slaughter ruminants, fallen stock on farms, collection centres, airports and so on.
What happens to it->
- Incineration in licensed incinerators and ash disposed in specially licensed landfills.
- Rendering with all products marked with glyceroltriheptanoate.
- Special landfills for catering waste.
- Special derogations for remote areas.
- Stained blue- patent blue V E131.
Category 2
1. Manure and digestive tract contents.
2. All animal materials collected when treating waste water from slaughterhouses other than slaughterhouses and other plants that are Cat 1.
3. Products of animal origin containing residues of veterinary drugs and contaminants unless they are category 1.
4. Products of animal origin other than category 1 material that are imported from non member countries and fail to comply with veterinary requirements.
5. Animals and parts of animals other than specified risk material that die other than being slaughtered for human consumption including animals killed to eradicate an epizootic disease.
6. Mixtures of category 2 with category 3 material.
Can be found at abattoirs, farms, collection centres, airports and diseases where the 'stamping out' principle is applied.
What happens to it->
- Incineration in licensed incinerators and ash disposed in specially licensed landfills.
- Oleochemical plants.
- Hunt kennels, maggot farms and zoos.
- Special derogations for remote areas.
- Has to be stained black.
- Manure can go on land.
- Rendering with all products marked with glyceroltriheptanoate- compost and biogas after rendering.
1. Parts of slaughtered animals that are fit for human consumption but are not intended for human consumption for commercial reasons.
2. Parts of slaughtered animal that are rejected as unfit for human consumption but are not affected by signs of disease communicable to animal or human and derive from carcasses that are fit for human consumption.
3. Hides, skin, hooves, horns, pig bristles, feathers originating from animals that are slaughtered in a slaughterhouse after undergoing ante-mortem inspection and were fit for slaughter for human consumption.
4. Blood obtained from animals other than ruminants and were fit for human consumption.
5. Former foodstuffs of animal origin (may contain animal products) other than catering waste which are no longer intended for human consumption or for commercial reasons or due to problems with manufacturing or packaging defects or defects which do not present risk to humans or animals.
6. Animal by products derived from the production of products intended for human consumption including degreased bones.
7. Raw milk originating from animals which do not show clinical sign of any kind communicable through products to humans or animals.
8. Fish or other sea animals except sea mammals.
9. Fresh by products from fish from plants manufacturing fish products intended for human consumption.
10. Shells, hatchery by products, cracked egg by products originating from animals which did not show any clinical signs of disease.
11. Blood, hides and skin, hooves, feather, wool, horn, hair, and fur originating from an animal that did not show any clinical signs.
12. Catering waste other than cat 1 or cat 2.
Can be found in abattoirs, butcher's waste, fish manufacturer, dairy & egg packing etc..
What happens to it->
- Pet food.
- Composting and biogas.
- Oleochemical plants.
- Hunt kennels, maggot farms & zoos.
- Special derogations for remote areas.
Slaughterhouses
- Should not compromise the hygenic production of meat.
- ABP identification in the correct category- Category 1 specified risk material to be labelled blue and stored in labelled secure containers, catetory 2 with the exception of blood, gut contents and green offal to be stained with a solution of black PN or brilliant black BN.
- All category 2 red meat weighing more then 25kg and all poultry by products comprising the entire poultry carcass have had the solution applied after the surface has been opened by multiple and deep incisions.
- Drain taps or gratings must have a maximum size of 6mm in order to collect category 1 and 2 material.
- Blood intended for use as petfood is derived from pigs or poultry which have passed poultry ante-mortem inspection or ruminants which have passed both ante and post mortem inspection.
- Any lower risk category ABP which have come into contact with a higher category ABP has to be treated as higher category material.
- ABP stored in leak proof, lidded, indelibly marked and labelled bins.
- Bins have to be stored in a separate room or room capable of being securely locked.
- Disposal, records.
Fallen Stock
- Ban of burial of fallen stock on farms (ABP regs 2003).
- National collection service.
- All carcasss over 24 months must go as fallen stock and be tested for TSE as part of a survey scheme.
- Almost a million casualties in 2005.
- Good for monitoring BSE.
Incineration
- Two chambers housed in the same or different shells.
- Waste loaded in the primary chamber is burnt and the products flow into the secondary after burn chamber.
- On farm incinerators have to be approved and can only burn ABP or carcasses approved by animal health. ABP and other materials need to be approved by either the local authority or the environmental agency.
- Standards.
- Low capacity incinerators (50kg/hour) the gas in the secondary chamber achieve 850 degrees for 2 seconds. Temperature monitored by a temperature sensor.
- High capacity incinerators (>50kg/hour) as low capacity and each line must have at least one auxillary burner to assure the temperature is 850 degrees during combustion.
- Mobile incinerators.
Composting/biogas - Composting in which biological degradation of ABP is undertaken during aerobic aerobic conditions.
- Biogas in which biological degradation of ABP is undertaken under anaerobic conditions for the production and collection of biogas.
- Heat treatment 70 degrees for at least an hour.
- Microbiology- absence of salmonella in 25gr.
Rendering
- Cooking of parts of animals at high temperatures.
- Reduces water content.
- Followed by mechanical separation of tallow (fat) from the solid residue. This is then put in storage for later incineration.
- Reducing the level of scrapie needs to be 133 degrees at 3 bar pressure for a minimum of 20 minutes.
Olechemical Plants
- Process rendered fats for the production of fatty acids, rosings etc.
Inspection
- Veterinary officers for risk category of ABPs accepted/handled by plant, method of processing and safe parameters of operation, biosecurity risks such as proximity of livestock, management of records and traceability. HACCP particularly identified risk material and microbial controls.
- OVs working in abattoirs and other licensed premises.
- Portal official vets- import entry points from third world countries.
- LA/Trading standards.
- Food and veterinary office.
- FSA is responsible for enforcement relating to ABP within approved slaughterhouses and cutting plants.
- LA are responsible elsewhere. Environment agency responsible for very large incinerators.
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